Page 44 - International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals

INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS AND TERMINALS

or repeated exposure, and to describe procedures for reducing the risks of
such exposure. Although not strictly a matter of toxicity, the effects of oxygen
---ใช้เพื่อการศึกษาเท่านั้น---
deficiency are also described.

งานห้องสมุด ศูนย์ฝกพาณิชย์นาวี
2.3.2 Liquid Petroleum

2.3.2.1 Ingestion
Petroleum has low oral toxicity, but when swallowed it causes acute
discomfort and nausea. There is then a possibility that, during vomiting,
liquid petroleum may be drawn into the lungs and this can have serious
consequences, especially with higher volatility products, such as
gasolines and kerosenes.

2.3.2.2 Absorption
Many petroleum products, especially the more volatile ones, cause
irritation and remove essential oils, possibly leading to dermatitis, when
they come into contact with the skin. They can also cause irritation to the
eyes. Certain heavier oils can cause serious skin disorders on repeated
and prolonged contact.

Direct contact with petroleum should always be avoided by wearing the
ึ
appropriate protective equipment, especially impermeable gloves and
goggles.

2.3.3 Petroleum Gases

2.3.3.1 Inhalation

Comparatively small quantities of petroleum gas, when inhaled, can
cause symptoms of diminished responsibility and dizziness similar to
intoxication, with headache and irritation of the eyes. The inhalation of an
excessive quantity can be fatal.

These symptoms can occur at concentrations well below the Lower
Flammable Limit. However, petroleum gases vary in their physiological
effects and human tolerance to these effects also varies widely. It should
not be assumed that, because conditions can be tolerated, the gas
concentration is within safe limits.

The smell of petroleum gas mixtures is very variable and in some cases
the gases may dull the sense of smell. The impairment of smell is
especially likely, and particularly serious, if the mixture contains hydrogen
sulphide.

The absence of smell should never be taken to indicate the absence
of gas.

2.3.3.2 Exposure Limits

The toxic hazards to which personnel are exposed in tanker operations
arise almost entirely from exposure to gases of various kinds.

Several indicators are used to characterise the effects of toxic vapours in
various concentrations, and many substances have been assigned

10 © ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006