Page 43 - International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals

Chapter 2
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HAZARDS OF

งานห้องสมุด ศูนย์ฝกพาณิชย์นาวี
PETROLEUM

In order to appreciate the reasons for the practices adopted to ensure safety in tanker
and terminal operations, all personnel should be familiar with the flammable
properties of petroleum, the effects of the density of petroleum gases and their toxic
properties. These are fully described in this Chapter.

Specific issues, including the handling of high vapour pressure cargoes, the
formation of pyrophoric iron sulphides in cargo tanks, and the particular hazards
associated with the handling, storage and carriage of residual fuel oils, are also
discussed.

The Chapter also describes the principles, uses and limitations of gas detection
equipment and addresses issues relating to gas evolution and dispersion. (Practical
guidance for onboard gas testing operations is provided in Chapter 8.)
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2.1 Flammability

Flammability is a primary risk in the handling of petroleum; this creates an ever present
hazard.

For detailed information on flammability, see Section 1.2.

2.2 Density

The gases from most petroleum liquids are heavier than air and handling of petroleum
cargoes should take account of the hazard that this property presents.

Information on the density of hydrocarbon gases is given in Section 1.3.

2.3 Toxicity

2.3.1 Introduction
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance or mixture of substances can harm
humans. Toxic means the same as poisonous.

Toxic substances can harm humans in three main ways: by being swallowed
(ingestion), through skin contact (absorption), and through the lungs
(inhalation). Toxic substances can have local effects, such as skin or eye
irritation, but can also affect other, more distant, parts of the body (systemic
effects). The purpose of this Section is to describe the adverse effects
associated with toxic substances to which personnel engaged in tanker
operations are most likely to be exposed, to indicate the concentrations at
which those adverse effects are expected to occur in humans through a single

© ICS/OCIMF/IAPH 2006 9