Page 324 - International safety guide for oil tankers and terminals

INTERNATIONAL SAFETY GUIDE FOR OIL TANKERS & TERMINALS

19.2.2 Fire Prevention and Isolation
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Safety at marine terminals begins with fire prevention features inherently
designed into the overall facility. Terminal fire-fighting equipment is usually
dispersed around the site and much of it is exposed to the weather. To
ensure that it is fit for use, it is essential that all fire-fighting equipment is
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regularly inspected, maintained in a constant state of readiness and
tested periodically to ensure reliable operation. Terminals should ensure
that all fire-fighting equipment is maintained under the control of a
planned maintenance system. Careful design of a marine terminal is no
guarantee that a safe operation will be achieved. The training and
competence of personnel are of critical importance. Periodic simulated
emergency drills, both announced and unannounced, are recommended
to ensure operability of the equipment, operator proficiency in the use of
equipment and familiarity with emergency procedures.

19.2.3 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
The selection and fitting of fire detection and alarm systems at a terminal
is dependent upon the risk exposure presented by the product being
handled, tanker sizes and terminal throughput. This topic is discussed in
more detail in Section 19.4.1.

The location of all detectors should take into account natural and
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mechanical ventilation effects, since heat is carried and stratified by
convection currents. Other considerations, such as the ability of flame
detectors to ‘see’ flames, should be taken into account. The advice of
manufacturers and fire and safety experts should be sought, along with a
compliance check against local regulations, before installation.
In general terms, automatic detection and alarm systems have the
purposes of alerting personnel and initiating a system to respond with the
aim of reducing loss of life and property due to fires or other hazardous
conditions. These systems may have one or more circuits to which
automatic fire detectors, manual activation points, water flow alarm
devices, combustible gas detectors and other initiating devices are
connected. They may also be equipped with one or more indicating
device circuits to which alarm indicating signals, such as control panel
indicator and warning lamps, outdoor flashing lights, bells and horns are
connected.

19.2.4 Automatic Detection Systems
Automatic detection systems consist of mechanical, electrical or
electronic devices that detect environmental changes created by fire or by
the presence of toxic or combustible gases. Fire detectors operate on one
of three principles, sensitivity to heat, reaction to smoke or gaseous
products of combustion, or sensitivity to flame radiation.

Heat Sensing Fire Detectors fall into two general categories, fixed
temperature devices and rate-of-rise devices. Some devices combine
both principles (rate-compensated detectors). Generally, heat detectors
are best suited for fire detection in confined spaces subject to rapid and
high heat generation, directly over hazards where hot flaming fires are
expected, or where speed of detection is not the prime consideration.

Smoke Sensing Fire Detectors are designed to sense smoke produced by
combustion and operate on various principles, including ionisation of

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